COMPLEX SENTENCE

COMPLEX SENTENCE

Complex Sentence merupakan kalimat yang terdiri dari induk dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat biasa disebut dengan independent clause atau juga main clause, sedangkan anak kalimat bisanya disebut sebagai dependent clause atau sub clause. Topik utama pembahasan complex sentence adalah clause. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi kita untuk mempelajari dan memahami definisi clause.

A.    Definisi Clause

Ø  A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

Ø  An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. (It is also called a main clause)

Ø  A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

Secara sederhana, melalui uraian di atas, kita dapat memahami bahwa clause terbagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu independent/main clause dan dependent/sub clause. Subtopik atau topik khusus yang perlu ditelusuri lebih lanjut adalah dependent clause, karena ia terbagi menjadi beberapa jenis dan memiliki kehususan masing-masing.

B.     Jenis-jenis dependent clause atau sub clause

Kunci dalam mempelajari dan membuat complex sentence adalah (1) kemampuan untuk memahami serta keterampilan membuat sub clause dan (2) keterampilan menggabungkan antara independent dan dependent clause sehingga terbentuk complex sentence yang benar atau sesuai dengan tata bahasa. Dari dua kemampuan tersebut diharapkan kita mampu membuat complex sentence atau menterjermah dengan menggunakan complex sentence. Adapun jenis-jenis sub clause adalah sebagai berikut:

1.      Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about noun. (An adjective clause is also called a relative clause)

Adjective clause berfungsi menjelaskan noun yang ada di depannya baik mendeskripsikan, mengidentifikasikan atau memberikan informasi yang lebih detil tentang noun pada main clause baik yang berposisi sebagai subject, verb ataupun adverb.

Contoh:

a.       I know some of JED members who will go overseas next month.

Main Clause    : I know some of JED members.

Sub Clause      : The member of JED will go overseas next month.

Conjunction    : who

Terlihat bahwa sub caluse di atas menjelaskan noun (dalam hal ini noun phrase yaitu some of JED members) yang berposisi sebagai objek pada main clause.

b.      The students who always study hard will get the success of their study.

Main Clause    : The students will get the success of their study.

Sub Clause      : The students always study hard.

Conjunction    : who

Terlihat bahwa sub caluse di atas menjelaskan noun yaitu the students yang berposisi sebagai subjek pada main clause.

c.       Now I stay at a house which is big, clean, old and comfortable for me.

Main Clause    : Now I stay at a house.

Sub Clause      : which is big, clean, old and comfortable for me.

Conjunction    : Which

Terlihat bahwa sub caluse di atas menjelaskan noun yaitu a house yang berposisi sebagai adverb  pada main clause.

2.      Noun Clause

A noun is used as a subject or an object. A Noun Clause is used as a subject or an object.

Noun clause adalah sub clause yang menempati atau menggantikan posisi noun pada main clause. Sehingga noun clause dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object ataupun adverb pada main clause.   

Contoh:

a.       I know who will go overseas next month.

Subject	Verb	Object
I	know	who will go overseas
		We can call it as ‘a noun clause as an object.’

b.      Who always study hard will get the success of their study

Subject	Verb	Object
Who always study hard	will get	the success of their study
‘a noun clause as an object.’

c.       Now I stay at which is big, clean, old and comfortable for me.

Subject	Verb	Prep	Object
I	stay	at	which is big, clean, old and comfortable for me
			‘a noun clause as an adverb.’

    

3.      Adverb Clause

An adverb clause is a dependent clause which modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in the independent clause.

 Adverb clause adalah sub clause yang berfungsi sebagaimana adverb yaitu untuk menerangkan verb, adjective, adverb maupun menerangkan kalimat secara keseluruhan. Proses penggabungan antara main clause dan sub clause (dalam hal ini sub clause-nya berupa adverb clause) dilakukan menggunakan subordinating conjunctions

Contoh:

a.       She always does as her husband tells her.

as her husband tells her menerangkan does (verb).

b.      Mr. Harry was because he walked in the rain.

Because he walked in the rain menerangkan wet (adjective).

c.       Mr. Jimmy talked so loudly that he annoyed his friends.

That he annoyed his friends menerangkan so loudly (adverb phrase).

d.      Robert will pass the final exam if he studies hard.

If he studies hard menerangkan kalimat Robert will pass the final exam.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Review:

Adjective clause berfungsi menjelaskan noun yang ada di depannya. Menjelaskan dapat berarti mendeskripsikan, mengidentifikasikan atau memberikan informasi yang lebih detil tentang noun pada main clause baik yang berposisi sebagai subject, verb ataupun adverb. Jadi adjective clause dapat berfungsi untuk menerangkan subject, verb ataupun adverb pada main clause.

Conjunction untuk membentuk adjective clause terdiri dari 5 kelompok sebagai berikut:

1.      Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS)

2.      Relative Pronoun Object (RPO)

3.      Relative Possessive (R.Poss)

4.      Relative Adverb (R.Adv)

5.      Relative Statement (R.State)

     

Selanjutnya akan dijabarkan masing-masing conjunction di atas beserta contohnya sebagai berikut:

1.      Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS)

Relative Pronoun Subject merupakan conjunction yang berfungsi menggantikan subject pada sub clause atau dependent clause. Conjunction yang tergolong pada relative pronoun subject adalah who, which dan that. Who untuk person, which untuk non-person, dan that dapat digunakan baik person ataupun non-person.

      Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

a.       Mr. Yahya will be able to master English well. (main clause = mc)

Mr. Yahya always studies hard. (sub clause = sc)

Menjadi: Mr. Yahya who always studies hard will be able to master English well.

(Kata ‘Mr. Yahya’ pada sub clause yang berposisi sebagai subject diganti oleh who. Sub clause diletakkan tepat setelah kata ‘Mr. Yahya’ karena sub clause di atas menjelaskan subject pada main clause yaitu kata ‘Mr. Yahya’)

b.      She likes to play with a bear doll. (mc)

The bear doll can make her happy. (sc)

Menjadi: She likes to play with a bear doll which can make her happy.

c.       I see a beautiful cat. (mc)

The cat lies on the table. (sc)

Menjadi: I see a beautiful cat which lies on the table.

d.      The books were brought by Mr. Ikhwan. (mc)

They have beautiful hard cover. (sc)

Menjadi: The books which have beautiful cover were brought by Mr. Ikhwan.

e.       She is the kind person. (mc)

I told you about her. (sc)

Menjadi: She is the kind person whom I told you about. (masih belum tepat)

Menjadi: She is the kind person about whom I told you.

2.      Relative Pronoun Object (RPO)

Relative Pronoun Object merupakan conjunction yang berfungsi menggantikan object pada sub clause atau dependent clause. Conjunction yang tergolong sebagai relative pronoun object adalah whom, which dan that. Whom untuk person, which untuk non-person, dan that dapat digunakan baik person ataupun non-person.  

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

a.       The girl was Ms. Dewi. (mc)

I saw her yesterday. (sc)

Menjadi: The girl whom I saw yesterday was Ms. Dewi.

b.      Now the student always studies diligently. (mc)

The Instructor has ever given him a great suggestion. (sc)

Menjadi: Now the student whom the instructor has ever given a great suggestion always studies diligently.

c.       The movie was very inspiring. (mc)

We watch the movie last night. (sc)

Menjadi: The movie which we watch last night was very inspiring.

d.      The 10^th completest, biggest Jogja Book fair will be held on 14^th of November 2008. (mc)

I heve been waiting for the book festival since long time ago. (sc)

Menjadi: The completest, biggest Jogja Book festival for which I have been waiting since long time ago will be held on 14^th of November 2008.

e.       I reach my good achievement this semester. (mc)

My father is so proud of my good achievement. (sc)

Menjadi: I reach my good achievement of which my father is so proud.

3.      Relative Possessive (R.Poss)

Conjunction yang tergolong pada kelompok relative possessive adalah whose (untuk person) dan of which (untuk non-person). Whose dan of which ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan kepemilikan, seperti halnya possessive adjective (her, his, its dan their) yang harus diikuti oleh noun.

Misalnya:

o   his book à whose book o   her talent à whose talent o   its color à of which color

Contoh complex sentence dengan adjective clause yang menggunakan conjunction kelompok relative possessive:

a.       I met an old man this morning (mc)

His son is studying at UNY. (sc)

Menjadi: I met an old man whose son is studying at UNY this morning.

b.      I am looking for my agenda book. (mc)

My agenda book’s cover is red. (sc)

Menjadi: I am looking for my agenda book of which cover is red.

c.       I will visit Mr. Tamsyah. (mc)

Mr. Tamsyah’s boarding house is at Jl. Balirejo 13. (sc)

Menjadi: I will visit Mr. Tamsyah whose boarding house is at Jl. Balirejo 13.

Perhatikan:

Letak ‘whose/of which + noun’ berada di awal adjective clause.

d.      We must always remember our parents in the whole of our life. (mc)

Our parents favor is inestimable. (sc)

We must always remember our parents whose favor is inestimable in the whole of our life.

           

4.      Relative Adverb  (R.Adv)

Conjunction yang tergolong pada kelompok relative adverb adalah where dan when. Where digunakan untuk menjelaskan tempat dalam adjective clause seperti city, country, room, house, building, restaurant, dll. When digunakan untuk menjelaskan waktu dalam adjective clause seperti year, day, time, century, dll.

Perhatikan:

Conjunction where dan when di atas dapat diganti dengan on which, in which atau at which.

Contoh:

1. Mr. Sumarno always has dinner in a restaurant. (mc)

Mr. Sumarno always meets his classmates in the restaurant. (sc)

Mr. Sumarno always has dinner in a restaurant where he always meets his classmates.

Mr. Sumarno always has dinner in a restaurant in which he always meets his classmates.

2. The building is very old and has high artistic value. (mc)

He stays there (at that building). (sc)

The building where he lives is very old and has high artistic value.

The building at which he stays is very old and has high artistic value.

3. I will never forget the day. (ms)

I met you then (on that day). (sc)

I will never forget the day when I met you.

I will never forget the day on which I met you.

4. I always remember the year. (mc)

I visited Demak Mosque for the first time in that year. (sc)

I always remember the year when I visited Demak Mosque for the first time.

I always remember the year in which I visited Demak Mosque for the first time.

5.      Relative Statement (R State)

Conjunction yang tergolong pada kelompok relative adverb adalah why. Conjunction ini dapat digantikan oleh that. Why atau that ini muncul setelah informative noun seperti reason, news, information, theory, idea, suggestions, dll.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

1. The information that Mr. Smith will get married a month later is true.
2. The reason why I come here is to meet Ms. Shinta.
3. The reason why I came should be obvious to you.
4. The reason why I came should be obvious to you.

Exercise I

Combine these sentences!

1.      The book is very interesting. I am reading it now.

2.      The actor comes from England. He played that role.

3.      She didn’t remember the man. His name is mentioned by the officer.

4.      They accept every suggestion. We made the suggestion.

5.      That’s the girl. Fred and Tom were talking about her.

Translate these sentences!

6.      Pasar Beringharjo yang terletak di jalan Malioboro adalah pasar terbesar di Yogyakarta.

7.      Mengapa situasi yang terjadi di Indonesia sangat membingungkan?

8.      Laki-laki yang rumahnya ada di ujung jalan itu sangat misterius.

9.      Kasus korupsi yang dilakukan oleh seorang direktur bank masih sedang diselidiki oleh polisi.

10.  Apakah kamu mengirimkan dua surat yang ada di meja saya tadi malam?

NOUN CLAUSE

Review:

Noun clause adalah sub clause yang menempati atau menggantikan posisi noun pada main clause. Sehingga noun clause dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object ataupun adverb pada main clause.

Conjunction untuk membentuk noun clause terdiri dari 5 kelompok sama seperti pada adjective clause sebagai berikut:

1.      Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS)

2.      Relative Pronoun Object (RPO)

3.      Relative Possessive (R.Poss)

4.      Relative Adverb (R.Adv)

5.      Relative Statement (R.State)

           

Selanjutnya akan dijabarkan masing-masing conjunction di atas beserta contohnya sebagai berikut:

1.      Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS)

Conjunction yang tergolong sebagai relative pronoun subject pada noun clause adalah who, which, that, how much + uncountable noun, how many + countable noun.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

a.       Who dapat bermakna ‘yang’, ‘siapa yang’, atau ‘siapapun yang’.

(mc)     : Mr. Yahya always sleeps so late.

(sc)      : Mr. Yahya studies English hard.

Adjective Cla  : Mr. Yahya who always studies hard always sleeps so late.

Noun Cla         : Who always studies hard always sleeps so late.

b.      Which dapat bermakna ‘yang’, ‘apa yang’, atau ‘apapun yang’.

(mc)     : The movie was very inspiring. (mc)

(sc)      : We watch the movie last night. (sc)

Adjective Cla  : The movie which we watch last night was very inspiring.

Noun Cla         : Which we watch last night was very inspiring.

(mc)          : She likes to play with a bear doll.

(sc)      : The bear doll can make her happy

Adjective Cla  : She likes to play with a bear doll which can make her happy.

Noun Cla         : She likes to play with which can make her happy.

c.        How much + uncountable noun bermakna ‘berapa banyak uncountable noun yang’.

o   All parents have to know how much money is needed by their children everyday.

o   She is always able to measure how much sugar should be used when she make a cup of coffee for her father.  

d.      How many + countable noun bermakna ‘berapa banyak countable noun yang’.

o   Do you know how many members will go to Bali next month?

o   How many participants attended the National Seminar of Children Education Method were around 100 persons.

o   How many mathematic books we need are just two books.    

2.      Relative Pronoun Object (RPO)

Conjunction yang tergolong sebagai relative pronoun subject pada noun clause adalah whom, which, that, how much + uncountable noun, how many + countable noun.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

a.       Whom dapat bermakna ‘yang’, ‘siapa yang’, atau ‘siapapun yang’.

(mc)     : Mr. Ahmad is a very clever, kind, humble and creative English Teacher.

(sc)      : Every student likes him.

Adjective Cla  : Mr. Ahmad whom every student likes is a very clever, kind, humble and creative English Teacher.

Noun Cla         : Whom every student likes is a very clever, kind, humble and creative English Teacher.

b.      Which dapat bermakna ‘yang’, ‘apa yang’, atau ‘apapun yang’.

(mc)     : The movie was very inspiring. (mc)

(sc)      : We watch the movie last night. (sc)

Adjective Cla  : The movie which we watch last night was very inspiring.

Noun Cla         : Which we watch last night was very inspiring.

c.       How much + uncountable noun bermakna ‘berapa banyak uncountable noun yang’.

o   I don’t know how much money you need to buy milk.

o   She must know how much flour we need to make this cake.

d.      How many + countable noun bermakna ‘berapa banyak countable noun yang’.

o   Actually I am curious how many persons you will invite o your birthday party.

o   I really want to know how many novels you can read every week.

3.      Relative Possesive (R.Poss)

Conjunction yang tergolong sebagai kelompok relative possessive pada noun clause adalah hanya whose (dapat digunakan baik untuk person maupun non-person). Whose bermakna ‘yang + noun-nya’.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

(mc)                      : I met an old man this morning.

(sc)            : His son is studying at UNY.

Adjective Clause   : I met an old man whose son is studying at UNY this morning.

Noun Clause         : I met whose son is studying at UNY this morning.

(mc)           : I will visit Mr. Tamsyah.

(sc)            : Mr. Tamsyah’s boarding house is at Jl. Balirejo 13.

Adjective Clause   : I will visit Mr. Tamsyah whose boarding house is at Jl. Balirejo 13.

Noun Clause         : I will visit whose boarding house is at Jl. Balirejo 13.

4.      Relative Adverb  (R.Adv)

Conjunction: where, when dan dapat digantikan oleh in which, on which atau at which.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

o   Mr. Sumarno always has dinner in a restaurant where he always meets his classmates.

Menjadi: Mr. Sumarno always has dinner where he always meets his classmates.

o   I always remember the year when I visited Demak Mosque for the first time.

Menjadi: I always remember when I visited Demak Mosque for the first time.

o   I will never forget the day when I met you for the first time.

Menjadi: I will never forget when I met you for the first time.

5.      Relative Statement (R.State)

Conjunction yang tergolong sebagai kelompok relative sttement pada noun clause adalah why, that, if, whether, how dan what.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

a.       Why bermakna ‘mengapa’.

Adjective Clause   : The reason why I come here is to master English.

Noun Clause         : Why I come here is to master English.

Adjective Clause   : Sometimes I don’t understand the reason why I do this and this.

Noun Clause         : Sometimes I don’t understand why I do this and this.

b.      That bermakna ‘bahwa’.

Adjective Clause   : The opinion that educating children needs patience is absolutely right.

Noun Clause         : That educating children needs patience is absolutely right.

Adjective Clause   : The idea that we need not to learn English is not sensible.

Noun Clause         : That we need not to learn English is not sensible.

c.       Conjunction ‘that’ yang digunakan pada kalimat yang menggunakan subjunctive verb. (tiopik subjunctive ini dapat dirujuk di Betty Schrampfer Azar hal. 282 dan Cliffs TOEFL Preparation Guide hal. 140)

Contoh:

1)      The teacher demands that we be on time.

2)      I insisted that he pay me the money.

3)      I recommended that she not go to the concert.

Pola secara umum: S + subjunctive verbs* + that + S + V_bi + rest of sentence

(*berlaku untuk semua tenses)

Kalimat yang menggunakan pola di atas menunjukkan atau menekankan sesuatu yang sangat penting sehingga maksud dari pesan dalam kalimat tersebut harus dijalankan.

Berikut adalah subjuncti verb yang biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat yang menggunakan pola kalmat di atas:

advise (that) ask (that) command (that) decree (that) demand (that) insist (that) move (that) order (that) prefer (that) propose (that) recommend (that) request (that) require (that) stipulate (that) suggest (that) urge (that)

Main clause yang menggunakan subjunctive verb dengan pola di atas dapat diganti menggunkan main clause berikut ini: it is/was/has been* advised (that) it is important (that) it is mandatory (that) it is necessary (that) it is essential (that) it is obligatory (that) it is proposed (that) it is recommended (that) it is required (that) it is suggested (that) it is urgent (thats) it is vital (that) it is imperative (that)

Pola kalimat di atas lebih banyak digunakan pada American English. Pola yang umum diguinkan pada British English adalah

S + subjunctive verb + that + SHOULD + V_bi + rest of sentence

Contoh:

1)      The teacher insists that we should be on time.

2)      I insisted that he should pay me the money.

d.      If dan whether bermakna ‘apakah’.

Whether Ms. Ulya will work at Jakarta (or not) is still questionable.

I really want to know if I passed the final exam (or not).

e.       What bermakna ‘yang’ atau ‘apa yang’.

Everyone has to know what he or she wants to be or to do in this life.

My father is always able to guess what I feel and think.

f.       How bermakna ‘bagaimana’ atau ‘betapa’.

How yang bermakna ‘betapa’:

1)      The 1^st Pattern of Sub clause     : How + Adjective + Subject + Be

o   I can’t describe anymore, how broken my heart is.

o   I will always remember, how patient my mother is.

o   How happy I am, when I heard that my best friend had graduated.

2)      The 2^nd Pattern of Sub clause     : How + Adverb of Manner + Subject + Verb

o   I still remember, how patiently my mother educated me.

o   We all have known, how diligently he learn English.

      How yang bermakna ‘bagaimana’:

            The Pattern of Sub clause       : How + Subject + Verb + Object

o   We must pay attention, how our mother teach us, their children.

o   We must feel and understand well, how our heroes of this country struggled to get the independence.

Exercise II

Translate these sentences into good English!

1.      Aku tidak tahu apa yang harus kulakukan sekarang.

2.      Dia tahu apa yang kulakukan liburan kemarin.

3.      Aku tahu dimana Pak Eko tinggal.

4.      Yang kuinginkan adalah jawaban yang sebenarnya.

5.      Katakan padaku siapa yang ada di depan pintu itu.

6.      Orang tua itu mengerti bahwa anaknya harus pergi.

7.      Amir mengira bahwa Ira masih sakit.

8.      Christian tidak yakin apakah dia akan tinggal di Indonesia atau Filipina.

9.      Apa yang aku rindukan darinya adalah masakannya.

10.  Tidak ada seorangpun yang tahu kapan kiamat akan terjadi.

ADVERB CLAUSE

Review:

Adverb clause adalah sub clause yang berfungsi sebagaimana adverb yaitu sehingga ia menerangkan verb, adjective, adverb maupun menerangkan kalimat secara keseluruhan. Proses penggabungan antara main clause dan sub clause (dalam hal ini sub clause-nya berupa adverb clause) ini dilakukan menggunakan subordinating conjunctions.

Selanjutnya akan dipaparkan jenis-jenis Adverb Clause beserta ringkasan penjelasn dan contohnya. Klasifikasi berikut didasarkan pada arti atau maksud conjunction-nya.

11.  Adverb Clause of Time

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
after	a.       After she graduates, she will get a job. b.      After she (had) graduated, she got a job.
before	c.       I will leave before he comes. d.      I (had) left before he came.
when	e.       When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. f.       When I got there, he had already left. g.      When it began to rain, I stood under a tree. h.      When I was in Chicago, I visited the museums. i.        When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.
while as	j.        While I was walking home, it began to rain.
	k.      As I was walking home, it began to rain.
by the time	l.        By the time he arrived, we had already left. m.    By the time he comes, we will already have left.
since	n.      I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.
until till	o.      We stayed there until we finished our work. p.      We stayed there till we finished our work.
as soon as once	q.      As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
	r.        Once it stops raining, we will leave.
as long as so long as	s.       I will never speak to him as long as I live. t.        I will never speak to him so long as I live.
whenever every time	u.      Whenever I see her, I say hello. v.      Every time I see her, I say hello.
the first time the second time the third time … the last time the next time	w.    The first time I went to New York, I went to an opera. x.      I saw two plays the last time I went to New York. y.      The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet.

(Sumber: Understanding and Using English Grammar. The Second Edition. Betty S. Azar. Page 298)

12.  Adverb Clause of Place

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
where	a.       You can have vacation where you like. b.      Where there is a will, there is a way. c.       Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
wherever	d.      They sat down wherever they could find empty seats.
everywhere	e.       Anderson always goes everywhere (that) Ann goes.
nowhere	f.       I feel confused nowhere there is money. g.      I feel confused where there isn’t money.
anywhere	h.      You can have dinner anywhere (that) you and your friends want.
every place (that)	i.        You should know every place she goes when she is sad.
no place (that)	j.        Now I think (that) there is no place (that) human will not be able to reach in the future.
any place (that)	k.      I like any place (that) you like.

13.  Adverb Clause of Manner

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
as	a.       They did the exercise as I told them.
how	b.      You may finish the duty how you like.
like	c.       They will not be able to defeat us again, like they did two years ago.
as if	d.      You lecture me as if you were my teacher.
as though	e.       Don’t behave as thought you were a child.

14.  Adverb Clause of Contrast or concession

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
although	a.       He is not arrogant although he is not only rich but also clever.
though	b.      Though the book is difficult to understand, it is interesting.
even though	c.       His grades were always excellent, even though he was often absent
even if	d.      I always passed all the tests, even if I needed more time than the others.
while	e.       I like coffee while she likes tea.
whereas	f.       She wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
as the time	g.      As the time we were sleeping, she was working hard.
in spite of that*	h.      In spite of that the road is slippery, he drove his car today.
despite of that*	i.        Despite of that he is lack of education, that man has a good position.

*In spite of the fact that/despite of the fact that

Adversative           = berlawanan atau bertentangan yang tidak terlalu frontal; although, though, even though.

Concessive            = berlawanan atau bertentangan yang bertolak belakang; whereas, while, as the time.

15.  Adverb Clause of Purpose & Result

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
in order that	a.       They went to the cinema earlier in order that they could find the comfortable seats.
to the end that	b.      I memorize all this words to the end that my speaking ability get better.
for fear that = lest	c.       I memorize all this words for fear that my speaking ability gets worse.
so that	d.      She learned English diligently so that she can master English well.
lest	e.       You should hold my hand lest you fall. f.       I was afraid lest he should forget.
in the hope that	g.      I am working night and day in the hope that I can reach my dreams soon.
in case	h.      I don’t let him climb trees in case he tears his trousers.

16.  Adverb Clause of Cause & Effect

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
because	a.       Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
since	b.      Since he’s not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
now that	c.       Now that the semester is finished, I’m going to rest a few days and then take a trip.
as	d.      As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked if she wanted to take in a movie.
as/so long as	e.       As long as (so long as) you’re not busy, could you help me with this work?
inasmuch as	f.       Inasmuch as two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace still remote.

(Sumber: Understanding and Using English Grammar. The Second Edition. Betty S. Azar. Page: 303)

Mengungkapkan adverb clause of cause & effect dapat menggunakan some certain expressions berikut:

(a)   Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + verb.

o   Ann is so beautiful that everyone is interested in her.

o   Mr. Tom drives car so carefully that his mother only wants to go with him.

(b)   Subject + verb + so + many/few + plural countable noun + that + subject + verb.

o   Harry has so many friends that his house is always noisy.

o   I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one.

(c)    Subject + verb + so + much/little + plural uncountable noun + that + subject + verb.

o   He has invested so much money in the project that he can not abandon it now.

o   The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

(d)   Subject + verb + so + adjective + a/an singular countable noun + that + sentence.

o   It was so interesting a book that h wanted to buy.

o   It was so hot a day that we decided to stay in door.

(e)    Subject + verb + such + a/an + adjective + singular countable noun + that + sentence.

o   It was such an interesting book that he wanted to buy.

o   It was such a hot day that we decided to stay in door.

(f)    Subject + verb + such + adjective + plural count noun/plural un-count + that + sentence.

o   Ms. Maria has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

o   Mr. Ryan has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble.

Atau menggunakan some prepositions and one conjunction berikut:

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
Because of	o   Because of + noun/noun phrase + , sentence o   Sentence because of + noun/noun phrase.
	o   Because of the cold weather, we stayed at home. o   We stayed at home because of the cold weather.
Due to	o   Due to + noun/noun phrase + , + sentence o   Sentence due to + noun/noun phrase.
	o   Due to the cold weather, we stayed at home. o   We stayed at home due to the cold weather
Due to the fact that	o   Due to the fact that + sentence, sentence. o   Sentence + due to the fact that + sentence
	o   Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed at home. o   We stayed at home due to the fact that the weather was cold.
yang lain diantaranya adalah: on account of the fact that, owing to the fact that, in view of the fact that

17.  Adverb Clause of Condition

Subordinating Conjunctions	The Example of Sentences
if	a.       If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
unless	b.      Unless you leave at once, you will be late.
only if	c.       You can open the door only if you use this key.
providing (that)	d.      We should be able to do the job for you quickly, providing (that) you give us all the necessary information.
provided (that)	e.       We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.
In case (that)	f.       In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
on condition that	g.      The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
If only	h.      She would forgive her husband, if only he would come back to her.

Exercise III

Combine these sentences!

1.      You should pray. You do something.

2.      I will not forgive you. You say sorry.

3.      He was ill. He managed to look cheerful.

4.      He was in a hurry. He hailed the nearest cab.

5.      He couldn’t take his wife with him. He decided not to go to the party.

6.      It’s raining. I won’t go out tonight.

7.      She is so emotional. Every little thing upsets her.

8.      He is sitting in the front row. He may hear every word of the lecturer.

9.      They are working day and night. They can finish the building at the scheduled time.

10.  The flight is delayed. We’ll cancel the plan.

(Sumber: Understanding and Using English Grammar. The Second Edition. Betty S. Azar)

Exercise 1:

Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.

Example:        

• I saw the man. He closed the room.

o    I saw the man (who, that) closed the door.

1. The girl is happy. She won the race.
2. The man is confused. He is looking for his lost son.
3. The students are from China. They sit in the front row.
4. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
5. I am using a sentence. It contains an adjective clause.
6. Algebra problems contain letters. They stay for unknown numbers.
7. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.

Exercise 2:

Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause. Give all the possible patterns.

1. The book was good. I read it.
2. I like the woman. I met her at the party last night.
3. I like the composition. I read it easily.
4. The people were very nice.  We visited them yesterday.

Exercise 3:

Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause. Give all the possible patterns.

1. The meeting was interesting. I went to it.
2. The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.
3. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.
4. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.
5. The man is standing over there. I was telling you about him.

Exercise 4:

Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.

1. I apologized to the woman, I spilled her coffee.
2. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen
3. I met the woman. Her husband is the president of the corporation.
4. The professor is excellent. I am taking her course.
5. Mr. North teaches a class for students. Their native language is not English.
6. I come from a country. Its history goes back thousand of years.
7. The people were nice. We visited their house.
8. I live in a dormitory. Its residents come from many countries.
9. I have to call the man. I accidentally picked up his umbrella after the meeting.
10. The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit a cigarette.